The key challenges and future direction are also discussed. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to provide recent advancements in the physical properties of tungsten carbide, the application of tungsten carbide nanofilm as radiation shielding material, and an overview of thin film deposition and deposition techniques that include the morphological structure of tungsten carbide nanofilm. Moreover, tungsten carbide has a high atomic number, greater density, and better shielding characteristics compared to lead. Tungsten carbide is an attractive material because it can be formed into a film using various fabrication processes suitable for a wide range of substrates. As a result, while the development of nanomaterials as radiation shielding materials is a promising field of study, a complete evaluation of the application of tungsten carbide nanofilm as a lead-free shielding material is still lacking in the literature. The drawback of lead is that it is toxic, heavy, non-transparent, and bulky, which are often undesirable features for most applications. The ionizing radiation is best absorbed by high-density materials and heavy atoms like lead. Radiation shielding material is essential to protect humans and the environment from direct exposure to ionizing radiation.
In addition, it is hoped that this review will facilitate efforts to accelerate the research and development of membrane shielding materials and offer potential applications in areas such as electronics, nuclear medicine, agriculture, and other areas of industry.
This review will help universities, research institutes, as well as scientific and technological enterprises engaged in related fields to fully understand the design concept and research progress of electromagnetic/radiation-contaminated membrane shielding materials. In addition, the future challenges were prospected. Finally, on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the protection provided by membrane shielding materials against electromagnetic/radiation pollution, the action mechanism of membrane shielding materials was expounded in detail, and the research progress, structural design and performance characterization techniques for these materials were summarized. Then, the design concept, technical innovation, and related mechanisms of the existing membrane shielding materials were expounded, the treatment methods adopted by scholars to study the environment and performance change laws were introduced, and the main difficulties encountered in this area of research were summarized. Secondly, the strategic solutions offered by membrane shielding materials to address electromagnetic/radiation problems were discussed. Firstly, the causes of electromagnetic/radiation pollution were briefly introduced and comprehensively identified and analyzed. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive review of these issues. However, membrane shielding materials with general functions cannot effectively exert their shielding performance in all fields, and membrane shielding materials used in different fields must have specific functions under their use conditions.
A suitable shielding material can effectively reduce the harm caused by electromagnetic interference/radiation.
In addition to minimizing sources of electromagnetic radiation, the development of lightweight composite shielding materials to address interference from radiation has become an important area of research. If they are not properly managed and addressed, they will be everywhere in the global biosphere, and they will have devastating impacts on human health. These forms of pollution can cause many important environmental issues. As technology develops at a rapid pace, electromagnetic and radiation pollution have become significant issues.
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